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It can be surprising to realize that an organ as high-powered and sophisticated as the brain also has a plumbing system. And, as the case with a house's plumbing, the drainage side of the system can get gummed up. But the symptoms are different. When a home's drainage backs up, well...I won't go there. When the brain's drainage system backs up, the brain's owner can become confused, incontinent of urine and unsteady on his or her feet. The plumbing system in question is that which produces and drains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Normal CSF looks the same as water from a faucet, but is created from the bloodstream in the choroid plexus tissue within three of the brain's four inner chambers -- the right and left "lateral" ventricles and the midline "fourth" ventricle, but not the interposed, midline "third" ventricle. The CSF percolates through passageways from one ventricle to another, finally emerging through openings at the base of the brain to bathe the outer surfaces of the brain and spinal cord before getting reabsorbed into the bloodstream again. This re-absorption occurs in special collection-nodes in the membranes surrounding the brain. The entire CSF volume of about 150 milliliters or five ounces (about as much as a glass of wine) is produced and reabsorbed four times a day, so the fluid is constantly turning over. But blockages along the way can interfere with the normal flow of the CSF. For example, when the passageway between the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrowed or choked with sludge, the CSF backs into the lateral and third ventricles. Those ventricles react to the increased pressure by becoming physically dilated or enlarged. In this case, a CT or MRI scan could reveal the location of the blockage by showing expansion of the two lateral and the single third ventricles, but a normal-sized fourth ventricle. Another example of a blockage and its consequences is when the collection-nodes responsible for CSF re-absorption in the brain's overlying membranes (meninges) become clogged. In this case, all four ventricles are upstream from the blockage, and all four of them expand. This, too, is visible on brain scans. Both cases are examples of hydrocephalus, or water on the brain. The first case is one of "internal" or high-pressure hydrocephalus. The second is called "external" or normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). In NPH the pressure is inexplicably normal much of the time, but the term is somewhat misleading because prolonged recordings with pressure-monitors do show intermittent periods of increased pressure. Hydrocephalus of one kind or another is especially prevalent at the two extremes of the life cycle -- in the very young and the very old -- but can occur at any age. In infancy, hydrocephalus can be caused by malformed brain-tissue. In contrast, adults with hydrocephalus were usually born with normal brain anatomy, but acquired a blockage due to a tumor, injury, bleed or infection. However, many cases of hydrocephalus in adults occur without a history of these preceding illnesses. CT and MRI scans are sensitive tools in detecting hydrocephalus, particularly when it's striking enough not be confused with ventricular enlargement due to gradual loss of surrounding brain tissue from aging. The main treatment of hydrocephalus is for a surgeon to insert a tube (shunt) into one of the swollen lateral ventricles and provide an alternative pathway for the backed-up CSF to drain. Once the shunt equipment is in place, a piece of hardware about the size of a large button sits outside the hole made in the skull (but inside the skin of the scalp) and redirects the excess CSF through another tube into either a jugular vein in the neck or into the abdominal cavity (peritoneum). Thus, the patient can receive either a "VJ" shunt or a "VP" shunt, with the letters designating the locations of the two ends of the shunt. The success or failure of shunting depends not just on the skill of the surgeon, but also on the selection of appropriate patients. Sometimes hydrocephalus turns up unexpectedly on scans when doctors are looking for something else entirely. Although an unexpected finding like this should always cause the doctors to re-think the case, the point is that hydrocephalus doesn't always cause problems. Sometimes the hydrocephalus has been there for years and the brain has adjusted to it in a way that produces no symptoms. This is an example of a case that should not be shunted, though it would still be appropriate to monitor the patient and his or her scans over subsequent months and years. Who, then, should receive a shunt? The answer, in short, is people for whom the benefits of the operation exceed its risks. Identifying them, however, is the tough part. And the task is made even more difficult by the lack of randomized, controlled trials in which a group of patients receiving treatment is compared to an equivalent group of patients not receiving treatment. Although similar reasoning applies to adults thought to have internal (high-pressure) hydrocephalus, I'll lay out the decision-tree as it applies to external (normal-pressure) hydrocephalus. Published observations imply that shunts are most likely to help NPH patients who have the following features:substantial enlargement of all four ventricles a full "triad" of symptoms, including confusion, urinary incontinence and altered walking poor walking as the first of the three symptoms temporary improvement of symptoms after drainage of 50-60 milliliters (2 ounces) of CSF by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) The elderly patients most at risk for NPH are also at increased risk for other diseases, and the shunting operation doesn't help symptoms produced by other causes. For example, confusion can be caused by Alzheimer's disease and strokes. Urinary incontinence can be due to prostate disease in men and sagging pelvic tissue in women. Walking can be disrupted by arthritis, fractured bones, low vision, inner-ear disease, Parkinson's disease and many other unrelated processes. So it's important for the doctor to determine if other diseases might be to blame for the very symptoms that seem, at first glance, to be from NPH. Assuming that NPH still seems likely, the next round of decision-making concerns the possibility that an operation will cause harm. Even a patient whose brain scan and symptoms are classic for NPH can develop serious complications from the operation. A particularly feared complication is bleeding into the space outside the brain, called a subdural hematoma. Older patients are also more likely to have other medical conditions that could compromise the safety of an operation, like coronary artery disease or emphysema. Cases in which expected benefits of the operation are much greater than risks, or in which the risks are much greater than the expected benefits, are easy to make decisions about. But many other cases are in the gray zone in which potential benefits and risks are more evenly matched and the chances of doing harm with an operation come close to canceling out the chances of doing good. (C) 2006 by Gary Cordingley penis enlargment doctor penis enlargement picture vimax natural penis enlargement penis enargement fact truth about penis enlargment vimax penis enlargement procedure safe pnis enlargement buy penis enargement pills

penis enlargment surgeon

Impotence is men’s inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. It includes the failure to get an erection as a result of sexual stimulation or to lose your erection prior to ejaculation. Types of impotence Arteriogenic impotence: The arteries supply blood to the penis. When arteries narrow, they fail to bring in sufficient blood to the penis resulting in erectile dysfunction. It mainly occurs in elderly people. Those who are diabetic or have high blood pressure are also prone to it. Arteriogenic impotence due to injuries is common but often goes unnoticed because of ignorance. Later the injured discovers it and seeks medical help. Venogenic impotence: During erection, the veins of the penis close down in a normal individual. This hardens the penis assisting a complete erection. But when the veins leak blood, the penis fails to sustain an erection thus leading to Venogenic impotence. It is the most common form, which accounts to 30-70% of impotence. Neurogenic impotence: The nerve supply to the penis is sensitive and complicated. These nerves control the arteries and veins, which change the blood flow within the penis. An injury to the back or other nerves related to the penis can cause Neurogenic impotence. Many operations on the rectum, prostrate, urethra, spine and urinary bladder are performed for improving the performance. Impotence from Diabetes Mellitus: Impotence is very common among diabetics. A study showed around 50% of diabetics as patients of male impotence. Endocrinologic impotence: When there is an imbalance of sex hormones in the blood stream, erection doesn’t occur. Nearly 5 to 10% of men suffer from Endocrinologic impotence. Mixed impotence: More than one factor can cause impotence in men. It could be physical factors as well as psychological factors. Mixed impotence refers to this form of impotence. Psychogenic impotence: Sometimes, the problem lies entirely in the mind. There will be no physical factors accompanying erectile dysfunction. This is a state of Psychogenic impotence. People often undergo bouts of depression and anxiety. See a doctor if you have difficulty in attaining or maintaining an erection. The earlier you find out, the easier it becomes to diagnose and treat. penis enlargment pills product com enlargement pennis pennis pump penis enlarement exercise vimax enlargement forum free matter penis size penis enlagement picture online vig rx penis enlagement operation do penis enargement pills really work penis enlargment surgeon

The history of the traction device The device resulted as a medical discovery by a urologist in Spain, Dr. Eduardo de Diego. The device was soon tested on over 30 "small" sized men, and on average, these men were able to gain an average of 28% increase n size in just 3 months with the use of the new traction device for penis enlargement. A detailed analysis of customer testimonials and unsolicited testimonials to some of the larger penis enlargement companies resulted in that the average user of the penis traction device can gain .75 gains per month! This is truly remarkable if you look back at some of the older methods still being used today, such as pumps and surgery. This is because long term use of pumps can bring physical problems such as dependence on the use of the pump after a while to even get an erection, and the high rate of failure or problems with post cosmetic penis enlargement surgery. What is the best device? This area of the article discusses factors that can lead to best device for anyone interested in the benefits of its use. Some of the devices I have tried were quite painful, and only could be worn at most 30 minutes at a time. Do you think the top urologists and male health doctors are using these substandard devices? I think not. These lower quality devices have not been improved upon for better quality experience and have simply hit the market too soon. The higher quality devices on the market though have gone through hard testing to be sure the device will be comfortable and highly effective. To focus on these higher quality devices, there are a few things to look out for on a given device website. For one thing, look for clear clinical studies proving the effectiveness of the device. Since the traction device for penis enlargement has grown in popularity, there have been some new companies promoting a device without any solid medical evidence to back up their claims. Another thing is to choose a device that comes with extra parts for free. If it does not, then you will have spent a good sum of money on a low quality device that brings limited results. Extra adjustable bars will permit you to keep enlarging if you wish to do so. Choose a device that offers you a at least a 6 month guarantee, because if you do notice any problems, you have the comfort of th 180 day guarantee to get your money back. Another way to find a quality device is if the device site has good support. Some penis enlargement product websites have a forum where their members talk about what is working for them. If you can find a site with an active forum, then you can be sure to find good information and reviews of the device your checking out, among many other products. Personal product review websites also are supposed to offer unbiased, objective reviews on the top penis enlargement and male enhancement methods. Consult these product review sites carefully, as many are just out to make a fast buck for high commissions. What you really want is to see which products are the most highly reviewed and rated, so read carefully what each device offer you in terms of benefits, results, guarantee, and more for the price they are asking for. Overall though, if you desire a larger penis, you will find all you need with the modern penis enlargement methods, such as the traction device These methods were designed by medical health doctors and scientists to be safe, discreet, and offer quick permanent results. Whether you want to have better sex, a larger penis, increase sperm count, or all 3 of these, the natural penis enlargement device may provide an easy solution for you. Welcome to the path to penis enlargement, and good luck on your gains! natural pnis enlargement technique com enlargement penis penis pump does penis enlargment work natural penis enlagement technique enlagement penis pill vimax vimax penis pills in uk manual penis elargement best pnis enlargement pills penis enlargment surgeon

The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. It is located just below the bladder and wraps around the urethra. The prostate gland measures 3-4 cm long and 3-5 cm in width. On average, the prostate gland weighs 20 grams. The prostate consists of approximately 30% muscular tissue while the remaining is glandular tissue. Seminal vesicles are attached to the prostate and produce material that mixes with prostatic fluid to form semen. The tubes from the testicles carry sperm to the prostate, which mixes with the seminal fluid and is ejaculated during orgasm. The prostate may increase in size as age progresses. This condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). More than 40% of men have an enlarged prostate by the age of 70. Enlargement of the prostate causes it to press against the urethra and weaken the flow of urine. An increase in size may indicate the condition of benign prostatic hyperplasia or a urologic condition. It need not necessarily indicate the growth of cancer cells. Benign prostatic hyperplasia does not increase the risk of prostate cancer but indicates the possibility of occurrence. Three common diseases of the prostate are benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostates and prostate cancer. Each condition affects the prostate differently. The male sex hormone, testosterone, plays an important part in the normal growth and function of the prostate gland. The testicles produce testosterone and is a concern for those diagnosed with hormone-dependent prostate cancer. As long as testosterone is produced, prostate cancer is very likely to grow and spread throughout the body. The prostate has various concentric zones, known as the anterior fibromuscular stroma, peripheral zone, central zone and transition zone. A doctor is able to examine the peripheral zone by inserting a finger in the rectum. Benign prostatic hyperplasia develops in the transition zone and grows in size. The anterior fibromuscular stroma is the anchoring point of the urethra sphincter. It does not contain any glands and hence cancer or enlargement does not usually develop there. It is essential to contact a urologist in case one experiences the symptoms to ensure early preventive care. vimax penis enlargement pennis enlargement before and after photo penis elargement tip penis enlagement pills penis enlagement program pennis enlargement product free penis elargement pills penis girth enargement penis enlargment surgeon

Where there’s a need, there’s a will. Where there’s a will, there’s always a way. These two sentences may well be used as a brief description of the entire penis enlargement industry. The hundreds and thousands of men who want a bigger penis have created a level of demand that the business sector found impossible to resist. The penis enlargement market has expanded hugely over the past years, mostly because more and more men are taking notice of this trend. Even mainstream culture is now caught between the original distrust of such practices and the stories told by many men who have actually managed to enlarge their penises. And these high levels of expansion and visibility brought on their heels a host of new products and techniques. Let’s have a brief look at them. Pumps, weights and traction devices are staple products of the penis enlargement industry. Weights have been around since pretty much forever, since the technique of hanging weights from the penis was discovered hundreds of years ago. Pumps and traction devices are modern inventions that may be considered as an upgrade of sorts based on the same principle of using a device to exert pressure on the penis. The positive side of these devices is the high rate of success. The downside lies with the complexity of pumps and traction devices. Severe pain and serious injuries are very likely if the devices are not used properly. Pills and patches are among the most popular and well known penis enlargement options. Everybody knows what pills are, hence everybody trusts this approach. While pumps and surgery may not appeal to the squeamish, pills are widely seen as the safest option. The good side of pills and patches is that ingredients are delivered into the system safely and effectively. The downside is that pills and patches do not work on their own. They have to be coupled with another method, such as pumps, exercises or traction devices. Also, one has to trust the workmanship of an unknown individual. Pills and patches may contain hazardous ingredients or even substances that were never meant to be part of the mix. Pills expose users to side effects and, possibly, allergies. Definitely not the kind of penis enlargement experience customers are looking for. Surgery is actually the most controversial penis enlargement method. It is the only approach endorsed by part of the mainstream medical community and hotly denounced by the industry. While it is true that penis enlargement surgery requires the services of a properly trained professional, the results are not often all they’re hyped to be. Surgery is an invasive technique whose result cannot be undone. That sounds even worse when the results in question have just left patients without the ability to achieve erections or to feel anything on the penis surface. Also, surgery marks are unsightly, especially on the penis. Penis exercises are actually the original male enhancement technique and the only fully natural penis enlargement method. Hundreds of years ago, men desperate to increase the size of their penises, and social standing in their primitive communities, started what is today known as the Jelq. The initial milking movement performed on the penis has turned over the ages into a wider range of different movements and holds designed to enlarge length, girth or the head of the penis. Driven by competition, online programs, such as PenisHealth, are constantly researching new and different techniques in order to help users get the best results. There is practically no downside to penis exercises. Since the user is in complete control at all times, all he has to do is stop whenever he feels pain or discomfort. These are the main penis enlargement techniques available on today’s market. There is no telling what the future will bring, but increased sales seem to be a safe bet. Men no longer feel compelled to stick with what nature gave them, especially since they’ve been made a far better offer.